p90x workout schedule Sustainable Development of C

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Sustainable Development of China Summary

90 to the 20th century, resource depletion, rapid population growth, environmental pollution, ecological damage, stand in the road to developing countries, so countries have begun taking a non-damaging ecological harmony and social equity, economic to sustainable development. Since then, the discussion on sustainable development has become extremely concerned about the Chinese theorists hot, the scholars on this issue from different angles were studied. Summary of main research now as follows:
A sustainable development of the content
Emphasis on sustainable development, protection of environmental resources, but also stressed economic development, is rich in content:
1. Sustainable development refers to the ethics of human social and economic behavior. The traditional goal of total wealth in pursuit of the development of practice is not only not brought the expected prosperity, but triggered a series of social, economic and ecological problems. And sustainable development involves people - society - nature and the deep connection between the complex relationship between the content of the theory it embodies the formation and development of human values, concept of development reflect changes in the reconstruction.
2. Sustainable development to encourage the development of human economic activity, does not mean the opposition to economic development and environmental protection. Whether the development of social productive forces, overall national strength, people's living standards and population quality, or has the resources to effective use, environmental and ecological protection, are dependent on economic development. Economic development is the material basis for developing countries is that population, resources, environment and economy the coordinated development of basic security. Emphasis on sustainable development is not only growth in the number,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], more emphasis on changing the traditional production and consumption patterns. It means that economic growth must rely on science and technology 进步, improve product Zhiliang, save energy,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], reduce waste, Ti Gao Zong Yao Su productivity, expanded reproduction Connotative road, to achieve cleaner production and Wenmingxiaofei.
3. Sustainable development, including ecological sustainability, sustainable economic and social sustainability in three aspects, they are interconnected and inseparable. Ecological sustainability is the foundation, is a condition of sustained economic, social sustainability is the goal. It calls attention to the human cost of economic development, concerns the pursuit of ecological harmony and social justice, and ultimately achieving the comprehensive development.
4. Sustainable development means the pursuit of equity is not only horizontal equity between generations, and that the vertical equity between generations. It requires to meet the basic needs of all people and to all people the opportunity to meet their demands desire a better life, while the present generation can not demand its own development and future generations to meet human needs at the expense of natural resources and environment. To give future generations the right to a fair use of natural resources. From an economic perspective, is to keep consumption of natural resources under the conditions used to replace other forms of wealth, natural capital, and in the river over time to maintain an acceptable manipulation to our future generations, or at least does not decrease the level of benefits.
Second, China's sustainable development problems and causes
The problems of sustainable development in China are mainly:
1. Pollution is still serious. Performance for the water pollution, acid rain, air pollution, dust storms and other environmental issues has been outstanding. According to Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Research Center of Environment and Development, scholars estimate the losses caused by environmental pollution in China can not be underestimated, with the rapid development in 1993, for example, then the losses caused by environmental pollution is 108.5 billion yuan.
2. A huge shortage of resources and waste. China's per capita resources are very short, but in short the same time, due to planned economic system 造成 enterprises large and comprehensive, the role of small but complete other factors, Wo Guo resources Langfei serious especially in the Chanyejiegou convergence, low level of technology, aging equipment, excess capacity.
3. Imbalance of economic development. Economy of the west's reliance on resource-intensive industries, not only to economic development in a backward state, and month. Also on the local ecological environment pose a serious threat.
Main causes of these problems are:
(1) understanding and awareness of sustainable development of the deviation. Sustainable development strategy from concept to theory to the formation, even after ten years of development process, but practical effect of view, people are also understood to sustainable development of certain of the deviation. From the perspective of sustainable development are highlighted as a national strategy, but it is in the development of the strategic system of status and hierarchy is not clear enough. In the long-term plan, the sustainable development strategy is often used as parallel with the economic development strategy in social development growth strategies to treat, Qinei Rong Du Zhishisheji population control, social development, health care and resource and environment; from the public Jiao Dukan Although environmental awareness has been awakened in recent years, but the real awareness of sustainable development rather weak in the eyes of the public nationwide. They are one-sided emphasis of the material content of consumption,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], did not actively participate in the environmental benefits that affect their decision-making process. This inevitably led to the one-sided pursuit of GDP increase in the number of neglected the development of quality improvement,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], while ignoring the public and businesses on the ecological environment pollution and damage; business in the profit maximization driven mechanism can not be brought about by the initiative will Shengchan environmental costs into the costing of a large quantity of waste without paying the cost of the production management of the entire community of public environmental quality severely damaged.
(2) system deficiencies lead to market failure. As follows: First, clear property rights is the normal operation of market mechanism and basic conditions. However, the ozone layer, clean water, clean the air Deng Huan Jing resources Juyou indivisible Xing,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], its property or to define the 成本 Nanyijieding high, this will lead anyone to pay a free and Wu Xu Xiang Yong and uncontrolled to compete for scarce environmental resources, resulting in excessive waste of resources caused by the environment, or even exhausted. Second, a considerable part of the resources of the property is not vested, in the absence of property rights cases, Qi negative external effects of the use of resources is almost no constraint to Zi Ran De circle Kuosan to form a \; individual economic agents do not take into account the social costs of resource use, but only to the cost of benefits to measure Zishen whether to invest, most of the external Xiao Ying is You You Yu individual Chengdan other, so the production cost is relatively Jiaoxiao. In this cost-benefit analysis of the plant associations as possible to increase the intensity of use of resources, not to ignore the benefits the whole community has been far less than the cost. This individual optimal decision-making and social contradictions in the overall optimal decision to make use of these resources difficult to maintain sustainability. Finally, the present defects in the price mechanism, leading to low efficiency of market allocation of resources. As the traditional practice, the information is not clear and mandatory government intervention in economic activities and other reasons, the price of resources can not properly reflect the cost of production.
(3) Sustainable Development Strategy to the defects. First, the lack of decision-making mechanism integrated decision support system for sustainable development. China's current sustainable development issues by a number of departmental grasp, but the lack of coordination between various departments, the low status of environmental protection departments. And departments and local \Second, the control mechanism, the \In China, the use of \To reflect the \Finally the right actors for sustainable development, responsibilities and benefits is unknown, mechanism is difficult to establish.
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